Planning: States and territories have well-established plans, policies, legislation and regulatory systems to monitor and control these sources

Inputs: Levels of resourcing to support regulatory and nonregulatory programs vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, generally reflecting the nature and extent of industrial sources in the state or territory

Processes: All jurisdictions have well-established processes to monitor and control these sources, including reporting, inspection and enforcement processes

Outputs and outcomes: Jurisdictions apply works approvals, licensing and related regulatory mechanisms to limit types and quantities of pollutant emissions. Although performance levels vary, inspection and enforcement by environmental regulators, together with emissions monitoring and reporting, provide a sound basis for ensuring effective control of these sources

Planning: National and state governments cooperate in relation to planning introduction of improved fuel and engine technology. Introduction of Euro6 originally proposed for 2018 was postponed. Planning now through a new Ministerial Forum on Vehicle Emissions, a whole-of-Australian government approach that includes ministers for environment, infrastructure, transport, major projects, resources and energy

Inputs: Government cutbacks and focus on deregulation has reduced financial and staffing resources to address management issues. Last national in-service vehicle emissions study was in 2008, leading to considerable uncertainty in emissions factors used in modelling the air quality impact of new motorways and road tunnels, and in urban airshed modelling

Processes: Well-established national processes for promulgating and enforcing fuel and new vehicle emissions-control standards. Improving coordination at the national level between departments with new Ministerial Forum on Vehicle Emissions. Disbandment of bodies such as Fuel Standards Consultative Committee has the potential to reduce input from independent experts in decision-making

Outputs and outcomes: New-vehicle emissions standards (Euro 5) introduced since SoE 2011. Generally cleaner vehicle fleet has seen reduction in total tailpipe emissions despite increases in total distance travelled

Inputs: Management is generally the responsibility of local government, which has insufficient financial and human resources to address pollution from each individual heater. Increasing recognition of the need to ban domestic wood heaters (and open fires) in high-density residential areas or in areas with poor dispersion (e.g. valleys) where neighbours are affected

Planning: State and territory, and (in some jurisdictions) local governments have established plans, policies and regulatory systems to monitor and control these sources. National Clean Air Plan includes establishing emissions standards for nonroad spark ignition engines (NRSIIE) such as gardening equipment (lawnmowers, brush cutters, leaf blowers, chainsaws, chippers) and recreational boating. Domestic wood heater emissions considered separately because, overall, they are such a major source of emissions

Inputs: Resources tend to focus on the significant issues from an airshed or jurisdictional point of view, but are quite variable between jurisdictions. Limited resources and monitoring for localised issues and legacy sources seen by some in the community as leading to inadequate management (e.g. odour complaints)

Processes: Management systems in place or being developed (for NRSIIE). Division of responsibilities between jurisdictions and local government generally clearly defined, but not always clear to the community

Outputs and outcomes: Generally effective control of emissions with limited impact on local and (generally) airshed air quality. Complaints about odour and dust continue to be a major air quality issue for local government and EPAs

Planning: Burning for fuel reduction and habitat management purposes, and for forestry regeneration and related operations is subject to various guidelines or codes of practice, and is usually well planned and executed. Uncertainty about the balance between health impacts and the effectiveness of realistic amounts of planned burning for reducing bushfire severity

Inputs: Increasing resources being directed towards air quality issues in planning burns, especially in improving smoke-forecasting models

Processes: In most states and territories, authorities responsible for planned burning on public and forestry land have formal arrangements with EPAs, health agencies and local councils, which cover peevious notification, suitability of local meteorological conditions, smoke forecasting (sometimes), monitoring and public health warnings

Outputs and outcomes: Improving cooperation between agencies responsible for planned burning, and environment and health authorities. Improvements in smoke-forecasting capability are being included in planning of operations and giving improved notification to affected populations

Inputs: Resources currently being deployed to gather information, develop policy proposals and undertake impact assessments