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The physical environment: The Southern Ocean
2016 Report Content The Southern Ocean is changing in ways that are likely to affect regional and global ... and marine productivity ( Rhein et al. 2013 ). The Southern Ocean has warmed more rapidly and to a greater depth than the global ocean ... in atmospheric CO 2 . A line graph showing the increase in surface atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration over the past 57 years. The ...
State and trends of the Southern Ocean
2016, 2011 Assessment summary State and trends of the Southern Ocean
State and trends of the Southern Ocean
The physical environment: The Southern Ocean The Southern Ocean has ... & deBaar H (2009). Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans. Deep-Sea ...
Anthropogenic ocean warming and ocean acidification, superimposed on natural climate variations, pose risks to Australia’s marine ecosystems and their habitats, communities and species groups
2016 Key Finding Anthropogenic ocean warming and ocean acidification, superimposed on natural climate variations, pose risks to ... and their habitats, communities and species groups
Sea surface temperatures are continuing to increase, with surface ocean warming ...
Figure MAR4 Monthly averages of sea surface temperature in the South-east Marine Region, 2005–14
2016 Map Figure MAR4 Monthly averages of sea surface temperature in the South-east Marine Region, 2005–14
soe2016_mar_fig4_sea_surface_temperature_monthly_average-01.png Download as png Source: Data from the Australian Ocean Data Network View this map series as an animation . Figure ...
Figure MAR5 Decadal sea surface temperature trend per month (degrees per decade), 1982–2015
2016 Map Figure MAR5 Decadal sea surface temperature trend per month (degrees per decade), 1982–2015
SoE2016_mar_fig5__sea_surface_temperature_decadal_trend-01.png Interact with map Download as png Download dataset Source: Data from the Australian Ocean Data Network and NASA
VIEW ANIMATION
Figure MAR5 Decadal sea ...
Figure MAR43 Trend in satellite-derived surface chlorophyll concentrations along the Bonney coastline, 2000–15
2016 Map Figure MAR43 Trend in satellite-derived surface chlorophyll concentrations along the Bonney coastline, 2000–15
... Marine Biodiversity Hub , based on data from the Australian Ocean Data Network Figure MAR43 Trend in satellite-derived surface chlorophyll concentrations along the Bonney coastline, 2000–15 ...
Australia’s marine environment is influenced by the cycles of several natural climate phenomena, including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole and the Southern Annular Mode
2016 Key Finding... including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole and the Southern Annular Mode
Variability in the phases of these climate phenomena change rainfall patterns, sea surface temperatures, surface winds and oceanic currents. These changes can ...
Figure ANT11 Monthly average surface atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, 1958–2015
2016 Graph Figure ANT11 Monthly average surface atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, 1958–2015
A line graph showing the increase in surface atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration over the past 57 years. The ... to nearly 400 parts per million in 2015.
Monthly average surface atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, 1958–2015.
File Monthly ...
Figure MAR6 Percentage of the Australian exclusive economic zone experiencing extreme sea surface temperatures, 1981–2016
2016 Graph... Australian exclusive economic zone experiencing extreme sea surface temperatures, 1981–2016
...
Percentage of the Australian exclusive economic zone ... an extreme event. Source: Data from the Australian Ocean Data Network and NASA Figure MAR6 Percentage of the Australian exclusive ...
Sustained ocean monitoring
2016 Report Content... 3 key infrastructure components ( NMSC 2015 ):
Sustained ocean monitoring
Sustained ocean monitoring
Great Barrier Reef Responding to a changing and ...
Effects of increased greenhouse gases
2016 , Report Content... in the lower atmosphere, of the heat radiated from Earth’s surface, causing an increase in the global (land and ocean) mean surface temperature of 0.85 ± 0.20 °C from 1880 to 2012 ( ...
Several factors, such as ocean acidification, increasing wind strength and changes in ocean circulation in the Southern Ocean, may affect the base of Antarctic food webs
2016 Key Finding Several factors, such as ocean acidification, increasing wind strength and changes in ocean circulation in the Southern Ocean, may affect the base of Antarctic food webs
Dissolved carbon ...
The oceans have somewhat mitigated the effects of emissions
2016 Key Finding2016 The oceans absorb CO2 and heat, and thus limit the rate and immediate extent of changes in climate. In recent decades, the oceans have taken up around 25 per cent of the annual anthropogenic (human) CO2 emissions. However, the capacity of the oceans to absorb CO2 is limited, because...
The pressure of human activities on Antarctica and the Southern Ocean is increasing
2016 Key Finding... pressure of human activities on Antarctica and the Southern Ocean is increasing
The areas affected by human activities in the region ...
Figure MAR7 Average decadal change in surface water pH around Australia, 1880–89 to 2000–09
2016 Map Figure MAR7 Average decadal change in surface water pH around Australia, 1880–89 to 2000–09
SoE2016_mar_fig7_Annual_Mean_Change_surface_pH-01.png Interact with map Download as png Download dataset Source: Lenton et al. (2016) Figure MAR7 Average decadal change in surface water pH around Australia, 1880–89 to 2000–09 Climate change ...
Figure ATM19 Timeseries of anomalies in sea surface temperature and temperature across land in the Australian region, 1910–2010
2016 , Graph Figure ATM19 Timeseries of anomalies in sea surface temperature and temperature across land in the Australian region, ...
SoE2016_atm_fig19_time_series_of_anomalies_in_sea-surface_temperature_and_temperature_over_land_in_t
Time series of anomalies in sea-surface temperature and temperature over land in the Australian region, ...
Global sea levels continue to rise, although patterns of sea level change across the Southern Ocean are variable because of regional differences in heat uptake and transport. The Southern Ocean continues to become warmer
2016 Key Finding... although patterns of sea level change across the Southern Ocean are variable because of regional differences in heat uptake and transport. The Southern Ocean continues to become warmer
Global sea levels are rising, but ...
Figure ATM24 Global surface air temperature changes, 2071–2100, relative to 1981–2010, using a low-emissions to moderate-emissions scenario
2016 , Map Figure ATM24 Global surface air temperature changes, 2071–2100, relative to 1981–2010, using a ... map Download as png Download dataset Figure ATM24 Global surface air temperature changes, 2071–2100, relative to 1981–2010, using a ...
Global importance of Antarctica
2016 Report Content... circulations. Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are key drivers of Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems. A ... 2 ) from the atmosphere ( Rintoul et al. 2001 ). In winter, surface waters near Antarctica freeze to form sea ice. When sea ice forms, salt ...
Outlook for the Antarctic environment 2016
2016 At a glance... However, the pressures on the continent and the surrounding ocean will increase. For example, the extraction of marine resources is not ... of at least its upper water masses warming of the Antarctic surface strengthening of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). The strengthening of ...
Resilience of our climate
2016 , Report Content... that occur across different timescales. Mixing with surface ocean waters and reacting with dissolved carbonate ions occurs across ...
Risks to the Antarctic environment 2016
2016 At a glance... past, the fishing nations that are active in the Southern Ocean had never reached the catch limits for krill set by CCAMLR. However, in ... is particularly important. As the atmosphere warms, surface waters warm, which increases stratification and limits gas exchange of ...
The physical environment: The cryosphere
2016 Report Content... sea levels and in the freshwater input to the Southern Ocean are the major environmental consequences of changes in the Antarctic ice ... compute gains or losses over time. A second method monitors surface elevation changes to determine losses (lowering elevation) or gains ...
Overview of resilience of the atmosphere
2016 Report Content... concentrations, it would take more than 900 years for surface air temperature and sea level to return to pre-industrial levels. ...
In contrast to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is not losing mass overall but may be gaining mass. In some places at the coastal margins, the ice sheet is showing variability in response to changes in ocean heat. A...
2016 Key Finding... ice sheet is showing variability in response to changes in ocean heat. A...
Although the Antarctic ice sheet is losing mass overall, ... Glacier shows high variability that is related to changes in ocean heat. Recent research shows that the Totten Glacier drains a large region ...
Resilience of Australia’s climate 2016
2016 , At a glance... 2 levels are ramped down to pre-industrial concentrations, surface air temperature and sea level change exhibit a substantial timelag ... 900 years after CO 2 was restored to pre-industrial levels, surface air temperature and sea level were considerably higher than under ...
Pressures affecting Australia’s climate 2016
2016 , At a glance... ‘drivers’ such as solar radiation, GHGs, aerosols and surface albedo (reflectivity) on the energy balance is termed ‘radiative forcing’ ...
Human influences on Antarctica
2016 Report Content... carbon dioxide has increased the acidity of the Southern Ocean, and traces of pollutants such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) ... high levels of ultraviolet radiation at Earth’s surface ( WMO 2014 ). As a result of international controls pertaining to ...
Climate and system variability
2016 Report Content... (e.g. Figure MAR4 ), rainfall patterns (affecting ocean salinity), surface winds, oceanic currents and tidal regimes, which can influence the ... (e.g. Figure MAR4 ), rainfall patterns (affecting ocean salinity), surface winds, oceanic currents and tidal regimes, which can ...
Climate change is a key pressure on the Australian environment
2016 Report Content... sections have been drawn from these sources. The average surface air temperature across Australia has increased by 1 °C since 1910, ... of disolved carbonate ion in the water-—a process known as ocean acidification.. Since 2001, the number of extreme heat records in ...
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