Australia State of the Environment Report

Report Content

Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed through the interaction of VOCs (see ... oxides (NO x ; see ‘Nitrogen dioxide’). The AQI for ozone in all capital cities was deemed ‘good’ from 1999 to 2008, and remained steady during this time. Only Canberra had ozone levels that were decreasing, but this result was based on limited ...

Antarctica is warming, although changes in atmospheric circulation brought about by the Antarctic ozone hole have been a temporary mitigating factor that has reduced the overall amount of warming, primarily in summer

2016

Key Finding

... in atmospheric circulation brought about by the Antarctic ozone hole have been a temporary mitigating factor that has reduced the overall ...

Figure ANT5 Map of the total-column amount of ozone in the atmosphere on 24 September 2006, as measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on the Aura polar-orbiting satellite

2016

Map

Figure ANT5 Map of the total-column amount of ozone in the atmosphere on 24 September 2006, as measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on the Aura polar-orbiting satellite A drawing ... pressure) Note: On 24 September 2006, the area of the ozone hole within the 220 DU contour was the largest observed in any year of ...

There is increasing evidence that the ozone layer is starting to recover as a direct consequence of international controls on the use of human-made ozone depleting substances.

2016

Key Finding

There is increasing evidence that the ozone layer is starting to recover as a direct consequence of international controls on the use of human-made ozone depleting substances. There is increasing evidence that the ozone layer is starting to recover as a direct consequence of international ...

Figure ATM5d Column ozone levels over Hobart, January 1979–2015

2016

Graph

Hobart Figure ATM5d Column ozone levels over Hobart, January 1979–2015 Hobart Column ozone levels over Hobart, January 2003–2015 Column ozone levels over Hobart, January 2003–2015 Ozone Ozone, 5-year running mean ...

Figure ATM5b Column ozone levels over Darwin, January 1979–2015

2016

Graph

Darwin Figure ATM5b Column ozone levels over Darwin, January 1979–2015 Darwin Column ozone levels over Darwin, January 1991–2015 Column ozone levels over Darwin, January 1991–2015 Ozone Ozone, 5-year running mean ...

Figure ATM5c Column ozone levels over Brisbane, January 1979–2015

2016

Graph

Brisbane Figure ATM5c Column ozone levels over Brisbane, January 1979–2015 Brisbane Column ozone levels over Brisbane, January 1986–2015 Column ozone levels over Brisbane, January 1986–2015 Ozone Ozone, 5-year running ...

Figure ATM5a Column ozone levels over Melbourne, January 1979–2015

2016

Graph

Melbourne Figure ATM5a Column ozone levels over Melbourne, January 1979–2015 Melbourne Column ozone levels over Melbourne, January 1979–2015 Column ozone levels over Melbourne, January 1979–2015 Ozone Ozone, 5-year running ...

Approach - Atmosphere 2016

2016

Report Content

... However, a few changes have been made. Stratospheric ozone, which was a component of the air quality section in SoE 2011, is ... and stratospheric ozone related to the Antarctic ozone hole is discussed in detail in the Antarctic environment report . Similarly, ...

State and trends of the Antarctic environment 2016

2016

At a glance

... circulation as a result of stratosphere cooling through ozone depletion and increasing levels of carbon dioxide, and variability in the ... ozone depletion associated with the Antarctic ozone hole has mitigated the warming of much of Antarctica during the summers of the ...

Figure ANT7 October monthly average total-column ozone values for Halley Station, 1957–2015

2016

Graph

Figure ANT7 October monthly average total-column ozone values for Halley Station, 1957–2015 Average total-column ozone values for October, Halley Station, 1957-2015 Average total-column ...

ATM36a Annual average maximum 4-hour ozone concentration in major Australian cities

2016

Graph

... 4-hour averages ATM36a Annual average maximum 4-hour ozone concentration in major Australian cities a) maximum 4-hour averages Annual average maximum 4-hour ozone concentration in major Australian cities Annual average maximum 4-hour ...

Regional cities' scorecard for ozone NEPM 4-hour standard, based on analysis of air quality index values, 1998-2014

2016, 2011

Assessment summary

Regional cities' scorecard for ozone NEPM 4-hour standard, based on analysis of air quality index values, 1998-2014 Regional cities' scorecard for ozone NEPM 4-hour standard, based on analysis of air quality index values, ... between reporting cycles. Regional cities’ score card for ozone (four-hour) NEPM standard, based on analysis of air quality index values, ...

Metropolitan cities' scorecard for ozone (four-hour) NEPM standard, based on analysis of air quality index values 1999-2014

2016, 2011

Assessment summary

Metropolitan cities' scorecard for ozone (four-hour) NEPM standard, based on analysis of air quality index values 1999-2014 Metropolitan cities' scorecard for ozone (four-hour) NEPM standard, based on analysis of air quality index values ... reporting cycles. Metropolitan cities’ score card for ozone (four-hour) NEPM standard, based on analysis of air quality index values, ...

Figure ATM25b Monthly mean concentration of tropospheric ozone at Cape Grim, 1982–2015

2016

Graph

... Figure ATM25b Monthly mean concentration of tropospheric ozone at Cape Grim, 1982–2015 b Monthly mean concentration of tropospheric ozone at Cape Grim, 1982–2015 Monthly mean concentration of tropospheric ...

Australia’s emissions in context

2016

Report Content

... Australia’s emissions in context Box ATM2 Stratospheric ozone The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere that begins at an ... severe reduction over Antarctica, known as the ozone hole (described in the Antarctic environment report). Since peaking in the ...

Overview of state and trends of the Antarctic environment

2016

Report Content

... extent, but some areas are showing rapid decline. The ozone layer is starting to recover as a direct consequence of international controls on the use of human-made ozone depleting substances. Climate change is affecting the entire Antarctic ... influence the year-to-year severity of the ozone hole. Although ozone improvement is good news, the Antarctic ozone hole has ...

Executive Summary - Antarctic environment

2016

Executive Summary

... gases, and cooling of the stratosphere, mainly from ozone depletion. Human activity is putting pressure on fisheries in the ... although research has identified a link between the ozone hole and changes in atmospheric circulation over Antarctica, the response of ...

Antarctic environment: 2011–16 in context

2016

Introduction

Report Content

... 2014 ). Further indications of improvement in stratospheric ozone levels above Antarctica in spring and summer are emerging, although ... influence the year-to-year severity of the ozone hole ( Solomon et al. 2016 ). For example, estimated effective levels of ...

Human influences on Antarctica

2016

Report Content

... gases have damaged the vital natural sunscreen provided by ozone in the Antarctic stratosphere, human-made carbon dioxide has increased ... influence in the Antarctic region is the springtime ozone hole that began forming over Antarctica during the late 1970s (see Box ANT3 ). ...

Figure ATM36b Ozone concentrations, major cities, 1999–2014: a) maximum 4-hour averages; b) 95th percentile 4-hour averages

2016

Graph

b) 95th percentile 4-hour averages Figure ATM36b Ozone concentrations, major cities, 1999–2014: a) maximum 4-hour averages; b) ... 4-hour averages Annual average 95th percentile 4-hour ozone concentration in major Australian cities Annual average 95th ...

Figure ANT6 Equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine for the Antarctic and Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes derived from AGAGE global measurements of all major ozone-depleting substances and World Meteorological Organization 2014 scenarios

2016

Graph

... derived from AGAGE global measurements of all major ozone-depleting substances and World Meteorological Organization 2014 scenarios ... 2014 scenarios AGAGE Antarctic measures of major ozone depleting substances WMO 2014 scenarios (mid-latitudes) ppb AGAGE mid-latitude measures of major ozone depleting substances 1970 1.369595014 1.336140601 0.760579307 0.749107343 ...

State and trends of the Antarctic atmosphere

2016, 2011

Assessment summary

... in spring and summer because of the annual formation of the ozone hole Year(s): 2016 2 Deteriorating Confidence (in grade): Adequate ...

The physical environment: The atmosphere—climate and weather patterns

2016

Report Content

... of rocks, anthropogenic emissions that deplete ozone in the atmosphere). The physical environment: The atmosphere—climate ... changes in atmospheric structure associated with the ozone hole ( French & Klekociuk 2011 ). Box ANT2 Variability and trends in East ...

Global importance of Antarctica

2016

Introduction

Report Content

... has been shielded from the effects of global warming by the ozone thinning commonly known as the ‘ozone hole’ ( Perlwitz et al. 2008 ), the warming is less than the global average ...

Figure ATM25d Timeseries of monthly mean concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide equivalent and tropospheric ozone; monthly median particle number concentration; and monthly median aerosol optical depth at 868 nanometres at Cape Grim under ...

2016

Graph

... carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide equivalent and tropospheric ozone; monthly median particle number concentration; and monthly median aerosol ... all the significant long-lived greenhouse gases. Surface ozone concentrations show a clear seasonal cycle, with a maximum in winter and ...

Risks to the Antarctic environment 2016

2016

Risks

At a glance

... in sea ice seasonality Reduction in the severity of the ozone hole, reducing (improving) surface ultraviolet B radiation but allowing greater ...

The physical environment: The Southern Ocean

2016

Report Content

... 2012 , Joughin et al. 2014 , Rignot et al. 2014 ). The ozone depletion and increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases caused by human ... Organization) (2014). Scientific assessment of ozone depletion 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, WMO, ... JD, Schofield R & Stone KA (2015). The Antarctic ozone hole in 2013. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal ...

Air quality in Australian cities is generally good

2016

Key Finding

... ) and sulfur dioxide have decreased in the past 10 years, ozone and fine particle (PM 2.5 ) levels have not declined, and ongoing effort ...

The physical environment: The cryosphere

2016