The period since 2010–11 provided the first cooler than average year since 2001 (i.e. 2011), along with the warmest (2013), third-warmest (2014) and fifth-warmest (2015) years on record for Australia (BoM 2012,
After a few years of moderate change in urban water demand, recent years (2013–14) have seen an increase in water demand from larger urban water-consuming areas across Australia.
Land use and land management can produce pressures on aquatic environments that include changes to flow, water quality and the availability of habitat.
SoE 2011 provided information on the pressure of invasive species, including cane toads (Rhinella marina, formerly Bufo marinus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), eastern gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki),
Argent RM (2016). Inland water: Topics. In: Australia state of the environment 2016, Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra, https://soe.environment.gov.au/theme/inland-water/topics?framework=106, DOI 10.4226/94/58b656cfc28d1